The indus valley civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization^[1] of the Indian subcontinent,^[2]^[3]Pakistan and northwest India. Flourishing around the Indus River basin, the civilization^{[n 1]}Punjab region, extending into the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley^[7] and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab.^[8]^[9]
Geographically, the civilization was spread over an area of some
1,260,000 km², making it the largest ancient civilization in the world. (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) that was located in the northwestern region consisting of what is now mainly modern-day primarily centered along the Indus and the

The Indus Valley is one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, along with its contemporaries, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.
At its peak, the Indus Civilization may have had a population of well
over five million. Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley,
developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft (carneol products,
seal carving), and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. The
civilization is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage
system, and multistoried houses.

The mature phase of this civilization is known as the Harappan Civilization, as the first of its cities to be unearthed was located at Harappa, excavated in the 1920s in what was at the time the Punjab province of British India (now in Pakistan).^[10] Excavation of Harappan sites have been ongoing since 1920, with important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999.^[11] To date, over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Ghaggar-Hakra river and its tributaries. Among the settlements were the major urban centers of Harappa, Lothal, Mohenjo-daro (UNESCO World Heritage Site), Dholavira, Kalibanga, and Rakhigarhi.

The civilization is sometimes referred to as the Indus Ghaggar-Hakra civilization or the Indus-Sarasvati civilization.^[12] The appellation Indus-Sarasvati is based on the possible identification of the Ghaggar-Hakra River with the Sarasvati River of the Nadistuti sukta in the Rig Veda, but this usage is disputed on linguistic and geographical grounds. The Harappan language is not directly attested and its affiliation is unknown, a plausible relation would be to Proto-Dravidian or Elamo-Dravidian.^[13^]

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